When Did Makeup Get Popular Usa

History of cosmetics in cultures

The history of cosmetics spans at least 7,000 years and is nowadays in almost every society on earth. Corrective body art is argued to have been the earliest form of a ritual in human civilization. The evidence for this comes in the class of utilised blood-red mineral pigments (blood-red ochre) including crayons associated with the emergence of Homo sapiens in Africa.^{[ane] [2] [3] [four] [v] [6]} Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament—two Kings ix:xxx where Jezebel painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC—and the book of Esther describes various dazzler treatments too.

Cosmetics were also used in ancient Rome, although much of Roman literature suggests that it was frowned upon. It is known that some women in ancient Rome invented brand upwards including pb-based formulas, to whiten the skin, and kohl to line the eyes.^[7]

Beyond the globe [edit]

North Africa [edit]

Egypt [edit]

I of the earliest cultures to apply cosmetics was ancient Egypt, where both Egyptian men and women used makeup to enhance their appearance. The use of cosmetics in Ancient Arab republic of egypt is well documented. Kohl has its roots in north Africa. The use of black kohl eyeliner and eyeshadows in dark colours such as blueish, red, and black was common, and was commonly recorded and represented in Egyptian fine art, besides every bit being seen in Egyptian hieroglyphs. Aboriginal Egyptians also extracted blood-red dye from fucus-algin, 0.01% iodine, and some bromine mannite,^{[ vague ]} but this dye resulted in serious illness. Lipsticks with shimmering effects were initially made using a pearlescent substance constitute in fish scales, which are still used extensively today.^[8] Despite the hazardous nature of some Egyptian cosmetics, aboriginal Egyptian makeup was also idea to have antibacterial properties that helped prevent infections.^[nine] Remedies to treat wrinkles contained ingredients such equally gum of frankincense and fresh moringa. For scars and burns, a special ointment was fabricated of red ochre, kohl, and sycamore juice. An alternative treatment was a poultice of carob grounds and honey, or an ointment made of knotgrass and powdered root of wormwood. To improve jiff the ancient Africans chewed herbs or frankincense which is yet in utilise today. Jars of what could be compared with setting lotion have been institute to contain a mixture of beeswax and resin. These doubled as remedies for issues such equally baldness and greying hair. They too used these products on their mummies, considering they believed that it would make them irresistible in the after life.

Center East [edit]

Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament, such as in 2 Kings 9:30, where the biblical figure Jezebel painted her eyelids (approximately 840 BC). Cosmetics are besides mentioned in the book of Esther, where beauty treatments are described.

Asia [edit]

Mainland china [edit]

Flowers play an important decorative role in China. Legend has information technology that in one case on the 7th day of the 1st lunar month, while Princess Shouyang, daughter of Emperor Wu of Liu Song, was resting nether the eaves of Hanzhang Palace near the plum trees after wandering in the gardens, a plum blossom drifted down onto her off-white face up, leaving a floral imprint on her forehead that enhanced her beauty further.^{[x] [11] [12]} The court ladies were said to exist so impressed, that they started decorating their own foreheads with a pocket-size fragile plum blossom design.^{[x] [xi] [13]} This is besides the mythical origin of the floral style, meihua zhuang ^[11] (梅花妝; literally "plum flower makeup"), that originated in the Southern Dynasties (420–589) and became popular among ladies in the Tang (618–907) and Vocal (960–1279) dynasties.^{[thirteen] [14]}

Mongolia [edit]

Women of purple families painted red spots on the center of their cheeks, right under their eyes. However, it is a mystery why. They said that crimson cheeks are a reason of happy queen.^{[ citation needed ]}

Japan [edit]

A maiko in the Gion district of Kyoto, Japan, in full make-up. The style of the lipstick indicates that she is withal new.

In Japan, geisha wore lipstick made of crushed safflower petals to paint the eyebrows and edges of the eyes as well as the lips, and sticks of bintsuke wax, a softer version of the sumo wrestlers' pilus wax, were used by geisha as a makeup base. Rice pulverization colors the face and back; rouge contours the eye socket and defines the nose.^{[fifteen] [ unreliable source? ]} Ohaguro (black paint) colours the teeth for the ceremony, called Erikae, when maiko (apprentice geisha) graduate and become independent. The geisha would also sometimes use bird droppings to compile a lighter color.

Southwest asia [edit]

Cosmetics were used in Persia and what today is Iran from ancient periods.^{[ citation needed ]} Kohl is a black powder that is used widely beyond the Persian Empire. It is used as a powder or smeared to darken the edges of the eyelids similar to eyeliner.^[16] After Persian tribes converted to Islam and conquered those areas, in some areas cosmetics were just restricted if they were to disguise the existent look in order to mislead or crusade uncontrolled desire.^{[ citation needed ]} In Islamic police force, despite these requirements, at that place is no absolute prohibition on wearing cosmetics; the cosmetics must not be fabricated of substances that harm one's body.

An early instructor in the 10th century was Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, or Abulcasis, who wrote the 24-volume medical encyclopedia Al-Tasrif. A chapter of the 19th book was dedicated to cosmetics. As the treatise was translated into Latin, the cosmetic affiliate was used in the West. Al-Zahrawi considered cosmetics a co-operative of medicine, which he chosen "Medicine of Beauty" (Adwiyat al-Zinah). He deals with perfumes, scented aromatics and incense. There were perfumed sticks rolled and pressed in special molds, perhaps the earliest antecedents of nowadays-solar day lipsticks and solid deodorants. He likewise used oily substances chosen Adhan for medication and beautification.^{[ citation needed ]}

Europe [edit]

Cultures to use cosmetics include the ancient Greeks ^{[5] [half-dozen]} and the Romans. In the Roman Empire, the employ of cosmetics was common amid prostitutes and rich women. Such beautification was sometimes lamented by certain Roman writers, who idea it to be against the castitas required of women past what they considered traditional Roman values; and later past Christian writers who expressed similar sentiments in a slightly different context. Pliny the Elder mentioned cosmetics in his Naturalis Historia, and Ovid wrote a volume on the topic.

Stake faces were a trend during the European Heart Ages. In the 16th century, women would bleed themselves to achieve stake peel. Spanish prostitutes wore pink makeup to dissimilarity stake skin.^{[ citation needed ]} 13th century Italian women wore red lipstick to show that they were upper form.^[17] Employ of cosmetics continued in Eye Ages, where the face was whitened and the cheeks rouged;^[eighteen] during the later 16th century in the West, the personal attributes of the women who used makeup created a demand for the product among the upper form.^{[ vague ] [18]} Cosmetics continued to be used in the following centuries, though attitudes towards cosmetics varied throughout fourth dimension, with the apply of cosmetics being openly frowned upon at many points in Western history. In the 19th century, Queen Victoria publicly alleged makeup improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for use by actors,^[19] with many famous actresses of the fourth dimension, such as Sarah Bernhardt and Lillie Langtry using makeup.

19th-century fashion ethics of women appearing fragile, feminine and pale were achieved by some through the utilize of makeup, with some women discreetly using rouge on their cheeks and drops of belladonna to dilate their eyes to appear larger. Though cosmetics were used discreetly by many women, makeup in Western cultures during this time was more often than not frowned upon, peculiarly during the 1870s, when Western social etiquette increased in rigidity. Teachers and clergy were specifically forbidden from the use of cosmetic products.

Americas and Commonwealth of australia [edit]

Some Native American tribes painted their faces for ceremonial events or battle.^{[ citation needed ]} Similar practices were followed by Aboriginals in Commonwealth of australia.

The examples and perspective in this article bargain primarily with the U.s.a. and do non represent a worldwide view of the subject field. You may meliorate this article, talk over the issue on the talk page, or create a new commodity, as appropriate. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

19th century [edit]

During the late 1800s, the Western cosmetics industry began to grow due to a rise in "visual self-awareness," a shift in the perception of color cosmetics, and improvements in the safety of products.^[twenty] Prior to the 19th century, limitations in lighting technology and admission to reflective devices stifled people'due south ability to regularly perceive their advent. This, in turn, express the need for a cosmetic market and resulted in individuals creating and applying their own products at dwelling house. Several technological advancements in the latter one-half of the century, including the innovation of mirrors, commercial photography, marketing and electricity in the home and in public, increased consciousness of one's appearance and created a need for cosmetic products that improved ane'due south epitome.^[twenty]

Face powders, rouges, lipstick and similar products made from domicile were found to have toxic ingredients, which deterred customers from their use. Discoveries of non-toxic cosmetic ingredients, such as Henry Tetlow's 1866 use of zinc oxide as a face pulverisation, and the distribution of corrective products past established companies such as Rimmel, Guerlain, and Hudnut helped popularize cosmetics to the broader public.^[xx] Skincare, along with "face painting" products like powders, also became in-demand products of the cosmetics industry. The mass advertisements of common cold foam brands such as Pond'southward through billboards, magazines, and newspapers created a loftier demand for the production. These advertisement and cosmetic marketing styles were soon replicated in European countries, which further increased the popularity of the advertised products in Europe.^[20]

20th century [edit]

Audience applying makeup at lecture by beautician in Los Angeles, c. 1950.

During the early on 1900s, makeup was not excessively pop. In fact, women hardly wore makeup at all. Brand-upwardly at this fourth dimension was still mostly the territory of prostitutes, those in cabarets and on the black & white screen.^[21] Face enameling (applying bodily paint to the face) became pop among the rich at this time in an attempt to look paler. This practice was dangerous due to the principal ingredient often being arsenic.^[22] Pale skin was associated with wealth because it meant that ane was not out working in the lord's day and could afford to stay inside all day. Cosmetics were then unpopular that they could not be bought in department stores; they could but be bought at theatrical costume stores. A woman's "makeup routine" oftentimes but consisted of using papier poudré, a powdered paper/oil blotting sheet, to whiten the nose in the wintertime and shine their cheeks in the summer. Rouge was considered provocative, then was only seen on "women of the night." Some women used burnt matchsticks to darken eyelashes, and geranium and poppy petals to stain the lips.^[22] Vaseline became high in demand considering it was used on chapped lips, as a base of operations for pilus tonic, and soap.^[22] Toilet waters were introduced in the early 1900s, but simply lavander water or refined cologne was admissible for women to habiliment.^[23] Cosmetic deodorant was invented in 1888, by an unknown inventor from Philadelphia and was trademarked under the proper noun "Mum". Roll-on deodorant was launched in 1952, and aerosol deodorant in 1965.

Around 1910, make-up became fashionable in the United states of america of America and Europe owing to the influence of ballet and theatre stars such as Mathilde Kschessinska and Sarah Bernhardt. Colored makeup was introduced in Paris upon the arrival of the Russian Ballet in 1910, where ochers and crimsons were the about typical shades.^[24] The Daily Mirror beauty book showed that cosmetics were now acceptable for the literate classes to article of clothing. With that said, men often saw rouge as a mark of sexual practice and sin, and rouging was considered an admission of ugliness. In 1915, a Kansas legislature proposed to make it a misdemeanor for women under the historic period of 40-four to habiliment cosmetics "for the purpose of creating a false impression."^[25] The Daily Mirror was 1 of the first to suggest using a pencil line (eyeliner) to elongate the eye and an eyelash curler to accentuate the lashes. Eyebrow darkener was also presented in this beauty book, created from gum Arabic, Indian ink, and rosewater.^[26] George Burchett developed cosmetic tattooing during this time period. He was able to tattoo on pink blushes, red lips, and dark eyebrows. He also was able to tattoo men disfigured in the First Earth War by inserting skin tones in damaged faces and by covering scars with colors more pleasing to the middle.^[27] Max Gene opened upwardly a professional makeup studio for stage and screen actors in Los Angeles in 1909.^[28] Even though his store was intended for actors, ordinary women came in to buy theatrical eye shadow and eyebrow pencils for their abode use.

In the 1920s, the film industry in Hollywood had the virtually influential impact on cosmetics. Stars such as Theda Bara had a substantial effect on the makeup industry. Helena Rubinstein was Bara's makeup creative person; she created mascara for the actress, relying on her experiments with kohl.^[29] Others who saw the opportunity for the mass-market of cosmetics during this fourth dimension were Max Factor, Sr., and Elizabeth Arden. Many of the present day makeup manufacturers were established during the 1920s and 1930s. Lipsticks were one of the most popular cosmetics of this time, more and then than rouge and powder, because they were colorful and inexpensive. In 1915, Maurice Levy invented the metal container for lipstick, which gave license to its mass production.^[thirty] The Flapper manner also influenced the cosmetics of the 1920s, which embraced dark eyes, scarlet lipstick, crimson nail smooth, and the suntan, invented as a style statement by Coco Chanel. The eyebrow pencil became vastly popular in the 1920s, in role considering it was technologically superior to what it had been, due to a new ingredient: hydrogenated cottonseed oil (also the key elective of another wonder product of that era Crisco Oil).^[31] The early commercial mascaras, similar Maybelline, were simply pressed cakes containing soap and pigments. A woman would dip a tiny brush into hot water, rub the beard on the block, remove the excess past rolling the brush onto some blotting paper or a sponge, and then apply the mascara as if her eyelashes were a watercolor canvas.^[31] Eugène Schueller, founder of L'Oréal, invented mod synthetic hair dye in 1907 and he also invented sunscreen in 1936.^[32] The first patent for a boom polish was granted in 1919. Its color was a very faint pink. It'southward not clear how dark this rose was, but any girl whose nails were tipped in any pink darker than a babe's blush risked gossip about beingness "fast."^[31] Previously, merely agronomical workers had sported suntans, while fashionable women kept their skins as pale as possible. In the wake of Chanel'due south adoption of the suntan, dozens of new false tan products were produced to help both men and women attain the "sun-kissed" look. In Asia, skin whitening continued to represent the platonic of beauty, equally it does to this 24-hour interval.

In the time period after the Showtime Earth War, at that place was a boom in cosmetic surgery. During the 1920s and 1930s, facial configuration and social identity dominated a plastic surgeon'southward earth. Face-lifts were performed equally early as 1920, simply information technology wasn't until the 1960s when cosmetic surgery was used to reduce the signs of crumbling.^[33] During the twentieth century, cosmetic surgery mainly revolved around women. Men only participated in the practise if they had been disfigured by the war. Silicone implants were introduced in 1962. In the 1980s, the American Society of Plastic Surgeons made efforts to increase public awareness about plastic surgery. As a result, in 1982, the United States Supreme Courtroom granted physicians the legal right to advertise their procedures.^[34] The optimistic and simplified nature of narrative advertisements oft fabricated the surgeries seem hazard-free, even though they were annihilation simply. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery reported that more than than ii meg Americans elected to undergo cosmetic procedures, both surgical and non-surgical, in 1998, liposuction being the most popular. Breast augmentations ranked 2d, while numbers 3, four, and v went to middle surgery, confront-lifts, and chemical peels.^[33]

During the 1920s, numerous African Americans participated in skin bleaching in an attempt to lighten their complexion likewise as hair straightening to announced whiter. Skin bleaches and hair straighteners created fortunes worth millions and deemed for a massive 30 to fifty percent of all advertisements in the black printing of the decade.^[35] Oftentimes, these bleaches and straighteners were created and marketed by African American women themselves. Skin bleaches contained caustic chemicals such as hydroquinone, which suppressed the production of melanin in the pare. These bleaches could crusade severe dermatitis and fifty-fifty death in high dosages. Many times these regimens were used daily, increasing an private's chance. In the 1970s, at least five companies started producing brand-up for African American women. Before the 1970s, makeup shades for Black women were limited. Face makeup and lipstick did not work for nighttime skin types considering they were created for stake skin tones. These cosmetics that were created for pale peel tones only made dark skin appear greyness. Somewhen, makeup companies created makeup that worked for richer skin tones, such as foundations and powders that provided a natural friction match. Popular companies like Astarté, Afram, Libra, Flori Roberts and Fashion Off-white priced the cosmetics reasonably due to the fact that they wanted to reach out to the masses.^[36]

From 1939 to 1945, during the Second Globe State of war, cosmetics were in short supply.^[37] Petroleum and booze, bones ingredients of many cosmetics, were diverted into war supply. Ironically, at this fourth dimension when they were restricted, lipstick, powder, and face foam were most desirable and nearly experimentation was carried out for the post war period. Cosmetic developers realized that the war would result in a phenomenal boom afterwards, so they began preparing. Yardley, Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and the French manufacturing visitor became associated with "quality" after the war because they were the oldest established. Pond's had this same appeal in the lower toll range. Gala cosmetics were one of the start to give its products fantasy names, such as the lipsticks in "lantern red" and "sea coral."^[38]

During the 1960s and 1970s, many women in the western earth influenced by feminism decided to go without any cosmetics. In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protestation, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can." This included cosmetics,^[39] which were among items the protestors called "instruments of female torture"^[40] and accouterments of what they perceived to be enforced femininity.

Cosmetics in the 1970s were divided into a "natural look" for day and a more sexualized image for evening. Not-allergic makeup appeared when the bare face was in way as women became more interested in the chemical value of their makeup.^[41] Modern developments in technology, such every bit the High-shear mixer facilitated the production of cosmetics which were more natural looking and had greater staying ability in wearable than their predecessors.^[42] The prime cosmetic of the time was center shadow, though; women besides were interested in new lipstick colors such as lilac, dark-green, and silver.^[43] These lipsticks were oftentimes mixed with pale pinks and whites, and then women could create their own individual shades. "Blush-ons" came into the market in this decade, with Revlon giving them broad publicity.^[43] This product was applied to the forehead, lower cheeks, and chin. Contouring and highlighting the face up with white center shadow cream as well became popular. Avon introduced the lady saleswoman.^[44] In fact, the whole corrective industry in general opened opportunities for women in business as entrepreneurs, inventors, manufacturers, distributors, and promoters.^[45]

21st century [edit]

Beauty products are at present widely available from dedicated cyberspace-just retailers,^[46] who accept more recently been joined online by established outlets, including major department stores and traditional brick-and-mortar beauty retailers.

Like most industries, cosmetic companies resist regulation past government agencies. In the U.South., the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does non approve or review cosmetics, although it does regulate the colors that can be used in pilus dyes. Cosmetic companies are not required to report injuries resulting from employ of their products.^[47]

Although modern makeup has been used mainly by women traditionally, gradually an increasing number of males are using cosmetics usually associated to women to raise their ain facial features. Concealer is normally used by corrective-conscious men. Cosmetics brands are releasing cosmetic products particularly tailored for men, and men are using such products more normally.^[48] At that place is some controversy over this, yet, as many experience that men who clothing makeup are neglecting traditional gender roles, and do not view men wearing cosmetics in a positive lite. Others, nonetheless, view this as a sign of increasing gender equality and feel that men likewise have the right to raise their facial features with cosmetics if women exercise.

Today the market of cosmetics has a dissimilar dynamic compared to the 20th century. Some countries are driving this economic system:

• Nippon: Japan is the second largest market in the world. Regarding the growth of this market place, cosmetics in Japan take entered a menstruation of stability. Withal, the market place state of affairs is speedily changing. At present consumers can access a lot of information on the Cyberspace and choose many alternatives, opening up many opportunities for newcomers entering the market, looking for chances to meet the various needs of consumers. The size of the cosmetics market for 2010 was 2286 billion yen on the basis of the value of shipments past brand manufacturer. With a growth charge per unit of 0.1%, the market place was nigh unchanged from the previous year.^[49]
• Russia: One of the nearly interesting emerging markets, the fifth largest in the world in 2012, the Russian perfumery and cosmetics market has shown the highest growth of 21% since 2004, reaching United states of america$13.5 billion.^{[ citation needed ]}

With the imposition of lockdowns due to the COVID-nineteen pandemic and the consequent wariness to return to salons, trends that imitate salon procedures started to emerge, such as more complicated domicile skin-intendance regimens, pilus color preserving products, and beauty tools.^[50] Early in the pandemic, sales on makeup essentials, like foundation and lipstick, decreased past upwardly to seventy% because of quarantining and face up-covering mandates.^[51]

See likewise [edit]

• Cosmetics
• Female cosmetic coalitions
• Ochre
• Prehistoric art
• Symbolic culture
• Blombos Cave

References [edit]

1. ^ Power, Camilla (2010). "Cosmetics, identity and consciousness". Periodical of Consciousness Studies. 17 (7–8): 73–94.
2. ^ Ability, Camilla (2004). "Women in Prehistoric Art". In Berghaus, G. (ed.). New Perspectives in Prehistoric Art. Westport, CT & London: Praeger. pp. 75–104.
3. ^ Watts, Ian (2009). "Blood-red ochre, body painting and language: interpreting the Blombos ochre". In Botha, Rudolf; Knight, Chris (eds.). The Cradle of Language. OUP Oxford. pp. 62–92. ISBN978-0-19-156767-four.
4. ^ Watts, Ian (ane September 2010). "The pigments from Pinnacle Signal Cavern 13B, Western Greatcoat, South Africa". Journal of Human Development. 59 (3): 392–411. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.006. PMID 20934093.
5. ^ ^{a b} Adkins, Lesley & Adkins, Roy A. (1998). Handbook to life in Ancient Hellenic republic. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19512-491-0. ^{[ page needed ]}
6. ^ ^{a b} Burlando, Bruno; Verotta, Luisella; Cornararara, Laura & Bottini-Massa, Elisa (2010). Herbal Principles in Cosmetics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN978-1-43981-213-6.
7. ^ Olson, Kelly (2009). "Cosmetics in Roman Antiquity: Substance, Remedy, Poison". Classical Globe. 102 (iii): 291–310. doi:x.1353/clw.0.0098. JSTOR 40599851. Project MUSE 266767.
8. ^ Johnson, Rita (1999). "What'southward That Stuff? Lipstick". Chemical & Engineering News. 77 (28): 31. doi:ten.1021/cen-v077n028.p031.
9. ^ Bhanoo, Sindya North. (18 January 2010). "Ancient Egypt's Toxic Makeup Fought Infection, Researchers Say". The New York Times.
10. ^ ^{a b} Cai, Zong-qi, ed. (2008). How to read Chinese verse: A guided anthology. New York: Columbia Academy Press. p. 295. ISBN978-0-231-13941-0.
11. ^ ^{a b c} Wang, Betty. "Bloom deities mark the lunar months with stories of Dear & Tragedy". Taiwan Review. Government Information Function, Republic of China. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
12. ^ "Unknown". Due west & Eastward 中美月刊. Sino-American Cultural and Economic Clan. 36–37: 9. 1991. ISSN 0043-3047. ^{[ expressionless link ]}
13. ^ ^{a b} Huo, Jianying. "Ancient Cosmetology". China Today . Retrieved eight October 2011.
14. ^ Mei, Hua (2011). Chinese clothing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 32. ISBN978-0-521-18689-6. For example, the Huadian or forehead ornament was said to have originated in the Due south Dynasty, when the Shouyang Princess was taking a walk in the palace in early jump and a light breeze brought a plum blossom onto her forehead. The plum blossom for some reason could not exist washed off or removed in any way. Fortunately, it looked beautiful on her, and suddenly became all the rage amongst the girls of the commoners. It is therefore called the "Shouyang makeup" or the "plum blossom makeup." This makeup was popular amid the women for a long time in the Tang and Vocal Dynasties.
15. ^ Graham-Diaz, Naomi (Oct 2001). "Make-Upwardly of Geisha and Maiko". Immortal Geisha. Archived from the original on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
16. ^ Oumeish, Oumeish Youssef (July 2001). "The cultural and philosophical concepts of cosmetics in beauty and art through the medical history of mankind". Clinics in Dermatology. 19 (four): 375–386. doi:10.1016/s0738-081x(01)00194-8. PMID 11535377.
17. ^ Madrano, Autumn (1999). "A Colorful History". InFlux. University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication. Archived from the original on 17 January 2001. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
18. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, pp. 41–42.
19. ^ Pallingston, Jessica (1998). Lipstick: A Celebration of the World's Favorite Cosmetic. New York City: St. Martin's Printing. ISBN978-0-312-19914-2.
20. ^ ^{a b c d} Jones, Geoffrey (2010). "How Do I Look?". Beauty Imagined. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 44–63. ISBN978-0-19955-649-6.
21. ^ Sava, Sanda (5 May 2016). "A History of Make-up & Fashion: 1900-1910". SandaSava.com . Retrieved 19 May 2016.
22. ^ ^{a b c} Angeloglou 1970, p. 113.
23. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 114.
24. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 115.
25. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 55.
26. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 116.
27. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 117.
28. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 58.
29. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 119.
30. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 125.
31. ^ ^{a b c} Riordan, Teresa (2004). Inventing Beauty. New York City: Broadway Books. ISBN978-0-76791-451-two. ^{[ page needed ]}
32. ^ "Eugène Schueller". L'Oréal.
33. ^ ^{a b} Haiken, Elizabeth (2000). "The Making of the Modern Face: Cosmetic Surgery". Social Research. 67 (i): 81–97. JSTOR 40971379. PMID 17099986.
34. ^ Lee, Shu-Yueh; Clark, Naeemah (2014). "The Normalization of Cosmetic Surgery in Women'south Magazines from 1960 to 1989". Journal of Magazine Media. 15 (1). doi:10.1353/jmm.2014.0014. Project MUSE 773691.
35. ^ Dorman, Jacob S. (1 June 2011). "Skin bleach and civilization: the racial formation of blackness in 1920s Harlem" (PDF). Journal of Pan African Studies. 4 (4): 47–81. Gale A306514735.
36. ^ "Modernistic Living: Black Cosmetics". TIME. 29 June 1970. Retrieved nine February 2010.
37. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 127.
38. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 131.
39. ^ Dow, Bonnie J. (2003). "Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology". Rhetoric & Public Affairs. 6 (1): 127–149. doi:10.1353/rap.2003.0028. S2CID 143094250.
40. ^ Duffett, Judith (Oct 1968). WLM vs. Miss America. Voice of the Women'southward Liberation Movement. p. 4.
41. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 138.
42. ^ "Cosmetics and Personal Care Products". Charles Ross & Son Company . Retrieved 7 June 2009.
43. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, p. 135.
44. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 137.
45. ^ Peiss 1998, p. v.
46. ^ "Lessons from categorising the unabridged beauty products sector (Part 1)". Beauty Now. 27 September 2009. Archived from the original on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
47. ^ "Cosmetics and your health". Office on Women's Health. 4 Nov 2004.
48. ^ "FDA Authority Over Cosmetics". Center for Food Safety and Practical Nutrition. 3 March 2005. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009. Retrieved 23 Oct 2011.
49. ^ ""The Japanese cosmetics market is actively changing," Hajime Suzuki, Cosme Tokyo". Premium Beauty News.
50. ^ "The beauty trends customers are buying during Covid-19". Vogue Business. 10 Baronial 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
51. ^ "Sleeping dazzler halls: how Covid-nineteen upended the 'lipstick index'". The Guardian. 18 Dec 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2022.

Sources [edit]

• Angeloglou, Maggie (1970). The History of Make-up. London, UK: Macmillan. OCLC 615683528.
• Peiss, Kathy Lee (1998). Hope in a Jar: The Making of America'south Beauty Culture. Metropolitan Books. ISBN978-0-8050-5550-4.

External links [edit]

• Forsling, Yvonne. "Regency Cosmetics and Make-Up: Looking Your Best in 1811". Regency England 1790-1830.
• "Naked face project: Women endeavour no-makeup experiment". USA Today. 28 March 2012.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cosmetics

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